Added on 16/10/2024
Journal article of the type Theoretical development ( ; english)
*One co-author has publicly identified as autistic. [Learn more about this mention]
The practice of social camouflage, or the modification of one’s behaviors to be better perceived by others in one’s environment, is an old one. Recently, it has received much interest as it pertains to people on the autism spectrum. The autism literature includes explorations of how social camouflage should be defined, why it occurs (e.g., the societal pressures that give rise to it), and its impacts on quality of life and mental health. In this article we complement this work with a conceptual model focusing on reflective cognitive aspects, which provides a social analysis of how social camouflage takes place, with respect to personal costs and potential social gains. This model is informed both by autistic lived experience (M.G.) and current research findings. We hope that this model can serve as a tool to empower people on the autism spectrum when reflecting on every day social decision making and that it will spark further research to understand the details of autistic social camouflage, which can, in turn, be used to refine the model.
For your information:
(1) References in blue are resources listed on our site.
(2) Authors listed in this bibliography whose names are in color have published other resources referenced on the site. Clicking on the name allows you to see the list of resources they have published and shared on the site.
(3) Authors whose names are followed by an asterisk have publicly disclosed being autistic.
-
W. Ai, W. Cunningham, M. Lai (2022). "Reconsidering autistic 'camouflaging' as transactional impression management". Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(8). doi:10.1016/j.tics.2022.05.002
-
American Psychiatric Association (2003). "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders".
-
S. Bargiela, R. Steward*, W. Mandy (2016). "The Experiences of Late-diagnosed Women with Autism Spectrum Conditions: An Investigation of the Female Autism Phenotype". J Autism Dev Disord, 46(10). doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2872-8
-
M. Botha*, D. Frost (2020). "Extending the Minority Stress Model to Understand Mental Health Problems Experienced by the Autistic Population". Society and Mental Health, 10(1). doi:10.1177/2156869318804297
-
M. Botha*, K. Gillespie-Lynch (2022). "Come as You Are: Examining Autistic Identity Development and the Neurodiversity Movement through an Intersectional Lens". Human Development, 66(2). doi:10.1159/000524123
-
L. Bradley, R. Shaw, S. Baron-Cohen, S. Cassidy (2021). "Autistic Adults' Experiences of Camouflaging and Its Perceived Impact on Mental Health". Autism in Adulthood, 3(4). doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0071
-
E. Cage, Z. Troxell-Whitman (2019). "Understanding the Reasons, Contexts and Costs of Camouflaging for Autistic Adults". J Autism Dev Disord, 49(5). doi:10.1007/s10803-018-03878-x
-
M. Cascio, J. Weiss, E. Racine (2021). "Making Autism Research Inclusive by Attending to Intersectionality: a Review of the Research Ethics Literature". Rev J Autism Dev Disord, 8(1). doi:10.1007/s40489-020-00204-z
-
S. Cassidy, L. Bradley, R. Shaw, S. Baron-Cohen (2018). "Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults". Molecular Autism, 9(1). doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4
-
S. Cassidy, K. Gould, E. Townsend, M. Pelton, A. Robertson, J. Rodgers (2020). "Is Camouflaging Autistic Traits Associated with Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours? Expanding the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide in an Undergraduate Student Sample". J Autism Dev Disord, 50(10). doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04323-3
-
K. Crenshaw (2017). "On Intersectionality: Essential Writings".
-
R. Davis, C. Crompton (2021). "What Do New Findings About Social Interaction in Autistic Adults Mean for Neurodevelopmental Research?". Perspect Psychol Sci, 16(3). doi:10.1177/1745691620958010
-
M. Dean, R. Harwood, C. Kasari (2017). "The art of camouflage: Gender differences in the social behaviors of girls and boys with autism spectrum disorder". Autism, 21(6). doi:10.1177/1362361316671845
-
K. DeBrabander, K. Morrison, D. Jones, D. Faso, M. Chmielewski, N. Sasson (2019). "Do First Impressions of Autistic Adults Differ Between Autistic and Nonautistic Observers?". Autism in Adulthood, 1(4). doi:10.1089/aut.2019.0018
-
F. Fanon (1952). "Peau noire, masques blancs".
-
E. Fombonne (2020). "Camouflage and autism". Child Psychology Psychiatry, 61(7). doi:10.1111/jcpp.13296
-
M. Franklin, E. Taylor, D. Floríndez, M. Guzman, T. Lorese Lawson, J. Rios, A. Angell (2024). "An Occupational Science Contribution to Camouflaging Scholarship: Centering Intersectional Experiences of Occupational Disruptions". Autism in Adulthood. doi:10.1089/aut.2023.0070
-
D. Frost, I. Meyer (2023). "Minority stress theory: Application, critique, and continued relevance". Current Opinion in Psychology, 51. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101579
-
D. Frost (2011). "Social Stigma and its Consequences for the Socially Stigmatized". Social & Personality Psych, 5(11). doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00394.x
-
E. Goffman (1959). "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life".
-
E. Goffman (1969). "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life".
-
E. Goffman (1982). "Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behaviour".
-
L. Hull, M. Lai, S. Baron-Cohen, C. Allison, P. Smith, K. Petrides, W. Mandy (2020). "Gender differences in self-reported camouflaging in autistic and non-autistic adults". Autism, 24(2). doi:10.1177/1362361319864804
-
L. Hull, W. Mandy, M. Lai, S. Baron-Cohen, C. Allison, P. Smith, K. Petrides (2019). "Development and Validation of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q)". J Autism Dev Disord, 49(3). doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3792-6
-
N. Jeanneret, I. Courcy, V. Caron, M. Giroux*, L. Guerrero*, M. Ouimet, B. Forgeot d’Arc, I. Soulières (2022). "Discrimination and victimization as mediators between social support and psychological distress in autistic adults". Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 98. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102038
-
D. Jones, C. Nicolaidis, L. Ellwood, A. Garcia, K. Johnson, K. Lopez, T. Waisman (2020). "An Expert Discussion on Structural Racism in Autism Research and Practice". Autism in Adulthood, 2(4). doi:10.1089/aut.2020.29015.drj
-
M. Lai, M. Lombardo, A. NV Ruigrok, B. Chakrabarti, B. Auyeung, P. Szatmari, F. Happé, S. Baron-Cohen, I. (2017). "Quantifying and exploring camouflaging in men and women with autism". Autism, 21(6). doi:10.1177/1362361316671012
-
D. Larson, R. Chastain, W. Hoyt, R. Ayzenberg (2015). "Self-Concealment: Integrative Review and Working Model". Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 34(8). doi:10.1521/jscp.2015.34.8.705
-
W. Lawson* (2020). "Adaptive Morphing and Coping with Social Threat in Autism: An Autistic Perspective". J. Intellect. Disabl. Diagn. Treat., 8(3). doi:10.6000/2292-2598.2020.08.03.29
-
L. Anne Livingston, P. Shah, F. Happé (2019). "Compensatory strategies below the behavioural surface in autism: a qualitative study". The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(9). doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30224-x
-
L. Anne Livingston, P. Shah, V. Milner, F. Happé (2020). "Quantifying compensatory strategies in adults with and without diagnosed autism". Molecular Autism, 11(1). doi:10.1186/s13229-019-0308-y
-
N. Mallipeddi, R. VanDaalen (2022). "Intersectionality Within Critical Autism Studies: A Narrative Review". Autism in Adulthood, 4(4). doi:10.1089/aut.2021.0014
-
I. Meyer (1995). "Minority Stress and Mental Health in Gay Men". Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1). doi:10.2307/2137286
-
I. Meyer (2003). "Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence.". Psychological Bulletin, 129(5). doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
-
D. Miller, J. Rees, A. Pearson* (2021). "'Masking Is Life': Experiences of Masking in Autistic and Nonautistic Adults". Autism in Adulthood, 3(4). doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0083
-
D. Milton*, T. Sims (2016). "How is a sense of well-being and belonging constructed in the accounts of autistic adults?". Disability & Society, 31(4). doi:10.1080/09687599.2016.1186529
-
I. Moore, G. Morgan, A. Welham, G. Russell (2022). "The intersection of autism and gender in the negotiation of identity: A systematic review and metasynthesis". Feminism & Psychology, 32(4). doi:10.1177/09593535221074806
-
M. Giwa Onaiwu* (2020). "'They Don't Know, Don't Show, or Don't Care': Autism's White Privilege Problem". Autism in Adulthood, 2(4). doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0077
-
A. Pearson*, K. Rose* (2021). "A Conceptual Analysis of Autistic Masking: Understanding the Narrative of Stigma and the Illusion of Choice". Autism in Adulthood, 3(1). doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0043
-
E. Perry, W. Mandy, L. Hull, E. Cage (2022). "Understanding Camouflaging as a Response to Autism-Related Stigma: A Social Identity Theory Approach". J Autism Dev Disord, 52(2). doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04987-w
-
E. Radulski (2022). "Conceptualising Autistic Masking, Camouflaging, and Neurotypical Privilege: Towards a Minority Group Model of Neurodiversity". Human Development, 66(2). doi:10.1159/000524122
-
N. Sasson, K. Morrison (2019). "First impressions of adults with autism improve with diagnostic disclosure and increased autism knowledge of peers". Autism, 23(1). doi:10.1177/1362361317729526
-
R. Schmitz, K. Tyler (2018). "Contextual constraints and choices: Strategic identity management among LGBTQ youth". Journal of LGBT Youth, 15(3). doi:10.1080/19361653.2018.1466754
-
S. Smith* (1988). "Masking the Feeling of Being Stupid". The Pointer, 32(3). doi:10.1080/05544246.1988.9944779
-
L. Rose Strand (2017). "Charting Relations between Intersectionality Theory and the Neurodiversity Paradigm". DSQ, 37(2). doi:10.18061/dsq.v37i2.5374
-
H. Tajfel (1979). "The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations".
-
H. Wood-Downie, B. Wong, H. Kovshoff, W. Mandy, L. Hull, J. Hadwin (2021). "Sex/Gender Differences in Camouflaging in Children and Adolescents with Autism". J Autism Dev Disord, 51(4). doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04615-z
-
S. Zhuang, D. Weiting Tan, S. Reddrop, L. Dean, M. Maybery, I. Magiati (2023). "Psychosocial factors associated with camouflaging in autistic people and its relationship with mental health and well-being: A mixed methods systematic review". Clinical Psychology Review, 105. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102335
Summarize/Comment on/Translate this reference?